OET Reading Part C
Sleep Deprivation
Millions of people who suffer sleep problems also suffer myriad health burdens. In addition to emotional distress and cognitive impairments, these can include high blood pressure, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. 'In the studies we've done, almost every variable we measured was affected. There's not a system in the body that's not affected by sleep,' says University of Chicago sleep researcher Eve Van Cauter. 'Every time we sleep-deprive ourselves, things go wrong.'
A common refrain among sleep scientists about two decades ago was that sleep was performed by the brain in the interest of the brain. That wasn't a fully elaborated theory, but it wasn't wrong. Numerous recent studies have hinted at the purpose of sleep by confirming that neurological function and cognition are messed up during sleep loss, with the patient's reaction time, mood, and judgement all suffering if they are kept awake too long.
In 1997, Bob McCarley and colleagues at Harvard Medical School found that when they kept cats awake by playing with them, a compound known as adenosine increased in the basal forebrain as the sleepy felines stayed up longer, and slowly returned to normal levels when they were later allowed to sleep. McCarley's team also found that administering adenosine to the basal forebrain acted as a sedative, putting animals to sleep. It should come as no surprise then that caffeine, which blocks adenosine's receptor, keeps us awake. Teaming up with Basheer and others, McCarley later discovered that, as adenosine levels rise during sleep deprivation, so do concentrations of adenosine receptors, magnifying the molecule's sleep-inducing effect.
'The brain has cleverly designed a two-stage defence against the consequences of sleep loss,' McCarley says. Adenosine may underlie some of the cognitive deficits that result from sleep loss. McCarley and colleagues found that infusing adenosine into rats' basal forebrain impaired their performance on an attention test, similar to that seen in sleep-deprived humans.
Over a century of sleep research has revealed numerous undesirable outcomes from staying awake too long. In 1999, Van Cauter and colleagues had eleven men sleep in the university lab. For three nights, they spent eight hours in bed, then for six nights they were allowed only four hours, accruing what Van Cauter calls a sleep debt. During sleep debt and recovery, researchers gave the participants a glucose tolerance test and found striking differences. While sleep deprived, the men's glucose metabolism resembled a pre-diabetic state.
Subsequent studies also found insulin resistance increased during bouts of sleep restriction, and in 2012, Van Cauter's team observed impairments in insulin signalling in subjects' fat cells. Another recent study showed that sleep-restricted people will add 300 calories to their daily diet.
Within the brain, scientists have glimpsed signs of physical damage from sleep loss, and the time-line for recovery, if any occurs, is unknown. Chiara Cirelli's team at the Madison School of Medicine in the USA found structural changes in the cortical neurons of mice when the animals are kept awake for long periods. 'The number of debris granules was small, but it's worrisome because it's only four to five days' of sleep deprivation,' says Cirelli.
Questions
Heading 1
Heading 2
Heading 3
Heading 4
Heading 5
Heading 6
fsdfsdfsdf
sadassa
Title 1
Description 1
Title 2
Description 2
Title 3
Description 3
Description 3
😉Using this blog to test rich text box functionalities.
Line:
TABLE
| sad | asdasd | asd |
TIME NEW ROM
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Fusce sed aliquam tortor, vel tristique ex. Quisque at libero eu sapien iaculis convallis a a arcu. Nullam porttitor mauris et orci sollicitudin, vel hendrerit tellus elementum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Morbi sodales enim a lectus facilisis, vitae consectetur sapien semper. Vestibulum eget diam eu purus consectetur sollicitudin ac sit amet ex. Maecenas et sodales libero, eget cursus ipsum. unc id sem sit amet velit consectetur accumsan. Vivamus porttitor enim eu nibh ornare, in malesuada mi commodo. Phasellus consectetur velit ac mauris tincidunt lacinia.
GPT code test:
Table of Contents
INDENT
line height: 2
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Fusce sed aliquam tortor, vel tristique ex. Quisque at libero eu sapien iaculis convallis a a arcu. Nullam porttitor mauris et orci sollicitudin, vel hendrerit tellus elementum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Morbi sodales enim a lectus facilisis, vitae consectetur sapien semper. Vestibulum eget diam eu purus consectetur sollicitudin ac sit amet ex. Maecenas et sodales libero, eget cursus ipsum. Nunc id sem sit amet velit consectetur accumsan. Vivamus porttitor enim eu nibh ornare, in malesuada mi commodo. Phasellus consectetur velit ac mauris tincidunt lacinia.
- dfd
- f
- df
- fd
- fd
fd
PICTURE - how to get it high res?
Test tips
This text should be centred aligned. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Fusce sed aliquam tortor, vel tristique ex. Quisque at libero eu sapien iaculis convallis a a arcu. Nullam porttitor mauris et orci sollicitudin, vel hendrerit tellus elementum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Morbi sodales enim a lectus facilisis, vitae consectetur sapien semper. Vestibulum eget diam eu purus consectetur sollicitudin ac sit amet ex. Maecenas et sodales libero, eget cursus ipsum. Nunc id sem sit amet velit consectetur accumsan. Vivamus porttitor enim eu nibh ornare, in malesuada mi commodo. Phasellus consectetur velit ac mauris tincidunt lacinia.
Skills
Here is some text about preparation
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Fusce sed aliquam tortor, vel tristique ex. Quisque at libero eu sapien iaculis convallis a a arcu. Nullam porttitor mauris et orci sollicitudin, vel hendrerit tellus elementum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Morbi sodales enim a lectus facilisis, vitae consectetur sapien semper. Vestibulum eget diam eu purus consectetur sollicitudin ac sit amet ex. Maecenas et sodales libero, eget cursus ipsum. Nunc id sem sit amet velit consectetur accumsan. Vivamus porttitor enim eu nibh ornare, in malesuada mi commodo. Phasellus consectetur velit ac mauris tincidunt lacinia.
Strategies
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Fusce sed aliquam tortor, vel tristique ex. Quisque at libero eu sapien iaculis convallis a a arcu. Nullam porttitor mauris et orci sollicitudin, vel hendrerit tellus elementum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Morbi sodales enim a lectus facilisis, vitae consectetur sapien semper. Vestibulum eget diam eu purus consectetur sollicitudin ac sit amet ex. Maecenas et sodales libero, eget cursus ipsum. unc id sem sit amet velit consectetur accumsan. Vivamus porttitor enim eu nibh ornare, in malesuada mi commodo. Phasellus consectetur velit ac mauris tincidunt lacinia.
This text should be indented. The para below should be 'quote'.
unc id sem sit amet velit consectetur accumsan. Vivamus porttitor enim eu nibh ornare, in malesuada mi commodo. Phasellus consectetur velit ac mauris tincidunt lacinia.
Preparation
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Fusce sed aliquam tortor, vel tristique ex. Quisque at libero eu sapien iaculis convallis a a arcu. Nullam porttitor mauris et orci sollicitudin, vel hendrerit tellus elementum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Morbi sodales enim a lectus facilisis, vitae consectetur sapien semper. Vestibulum eget diam eu purus consectetur sollicitudin ac sit amet ex. Maecenas et sodales libero, eget cursus ipsum. Nunc id sem sit amet velit consectetur accumsan. Vivamus porttitor enim eu nibh ornare, in malesuada mi commodo. Phasellus consectetur velit ac mauris tincidunt lacinia.